footsteps of Prince Diponegoro

Antawirya raised in Tegalrejo in the care of Queen Ageng, wife of HB-I. There he learned to recite the Quran and Islamic values. Tegalrejo also allows him to get closer to the people. Increasingly honed his spirituality with his favorite retreat, or retreat in the hills and caves surrounding areas. It thus makes more Antawirya not enjoy when you're on a luxurious palace, and even often hold events on a Western model. Included with the party drunk. Reportedly, Antawirya only "sowan" his father twice a year. Ie when the Idul Fitri and 'Gerebeg Mawlid ".
Antawirya then the title of Prince Diponegoro. He grew up a very well respected. His father wanted to choose it as the crown prince. He refused. He could not enjoy living in the palace. He even advised his father to choose Djarot, his brother, as crown prince. He will only accompany Djarot later.
In 1814, Hamengkubuwono III died. Prince Djarot, who just turned 13 years old, was appointed Hamengkubuwono IV. Practical power control Patih Danurejo IV controlled a pro-Dutch and even the Dutch lifestyle. Slowly getting away from the atmosphere of court life expected of Diponegoro. Especially after his brother, Hamengkubuwono IV died in 1822. On the initiative of Danurejo Similarly, Prince Menol new three-year-old was crowned as king. Makin berkuasalah Danurejo.
Diponegoro suggestions to no avail. Resident Danurejo and Yogya A.H. Smissaert instead plans to build a highway through the land of Diponegoro in Tegalrejo. Without warning, they peg-matok land. The followers of Diponegoro pull them out. Diponegoro asked the Netherlands to change its plan. Also to dismiss Patih Danurejo. However, on July 20, 1825, Dutch troops and besieging Tegalrejo Danurejo IV. Diponegoro local residents have been evacuated to the hills Selarong. There, he also organized the troops.
The battle broke out. Attempted peace efforts initiated. Prince of the Netherlands and sent Danurejo Mangkubumi-royal family who is still revered Diponegoro. However, after the dialogue, instead decided to join Mangkubumi Diponegoro. Governor-General van der Capellen reinforce its troops in Yogya. But the 200 soldiers, including commanding officer Captain Kumsius, died in Logorok, north of Yogya, the brunt of the troops under the command of the Diponegoro Mulyosentiko.
In this dispute, two-Surakarta palace and Mangkunegoro Pakubowono-side with the Dutch. Surorejo Tumenggung led force could destroy Mangkunegoro reinforcements. In Magelang, forces of Haji Usman Haji Abdul Kadir, and defeated the Dutch army Danuningrat Tumenggung. Danuningrat killed in the fighting. In Menoreh Diponegoro himself leading the fighting, which killed many soldiers and Regent of the Netherlands Sumodilogo Ario.
Prambanan headquarters was occupied. Dutch guns seized. In the area of Bojonegoro-Pati-Apex, the Dutch forces conquered people Sukowati Kartodirjo leadership. Dutch defense forces destroyed in Madiun Pangerang Serang and Prince Aha. The Dutch then brought the troops General van Geen notoriety in South Sulawesi. In the battle at Dekso, Sentot Alibasyah killed nearly all the troops. Van Geen, Colonel Cochius and Prince and Princess Panular Murdoningrat escaped.
Murdoningrat and Panular Diponegoro attack again. This time, along with Lieutenant Habert. At idle, they clashed. Habert Diponegoro was killed at the hands of his own. Surakarta, who agreed to fight the troops destroyed in Delanggu Diponegoro. Gowok fort led by Colonel Le Baron, fell in raid 15 to 16 October 1826. Diponegoro was shot in the leg and chest in the battle. Alibasyah Sentot troops who took only one step backward requested Surakarta palace. The purpose of war, said Diponegoro, was not a fight against the Dutch and fellow citizens.
The Dutch took all his strength. Padri rebellion in West Sumatra, for a while left. Approximately 200 forts have been built to reduce the mobility of the Diponegoro army. Slowly bring the results of these steps. Two important commander of Diponegoro caught. Kyai Mojo caught in Klaten on 5 November 1828. Sentot Alibasyah, in a position surrounded, surrendered in southern Yogyakarta on October 24, 1829.

Diponegoro and the Netherlands agreed to a peace bid. Dated March 28, 1830, accompanied by five others Diponegoro (Raden Mas Jonet, Diponegoro Anom, Raden Wet Martonegoro, Raden Mas Roub and Kyai Badaruddin) came to the office of Resident Kedu in Magelang to negotiate with General De Kock. They were greeted by the Dutch military ceremony. In the talks, Diponegoro demanded that gets "the freedom to establish their own independent state bersendikan Islam."
De Kock muslihatnya deceptive conduct. Shortly after the talks, Diponegoro and his followers brought to Semarang and on to Batavia. On May 3, 1830, he was exiled to Manado, and then moved again to no longer significant (year 1834) until his death. In incarceration, in Fort Ujungpandang, Diponegoro wrote "Chronicle of Diponegoro" as much as four volumes with 1357 pages thick.
Diponegoro leadership upheaval people have killed 80 thousand troops on both sides of Dutch-Javanese and Dutch citizens and have the financial drain colonial. It thus encourages the Netherlands to enforce the compulsory program that gave birth to many new rebellion among the clergy. In Java, the followers of Prince Diponegoro like Ario Renggo launched an insurgency continues despite a limited basis.

Prince Diponegoro (11 November 1785 - January 8, 1855).
Supreme commander in the Diponegoro War (1825-1830) who in the history books written by Dutch writer called Java Oorlog (War = Java).
Ontowiryo his given name, the eldest son of the third lane. Diponegoro was more interested in religious life and the people standing on the side so he preferred to stay in Tegalrejo than in the palace. Rebellion against the palace began in the leadership of HB V (1822) which became one of the Diponegoro guardianship members who accompany HB V 3-year-old, while the daily administration are held by Dutch resident Patih Danurejo together. How to guardianship was not approved Diponegoro.
In subsequent developments and the Netherlands tried to catch Diponegoro Diponegoro War erupted on July 20, 1825.
March 28, 1830 P. Diponegoro to General De Kock met in Magelang. De Kock forces entered the negotiations and urged the Diponegoro to stop the war. The request was rejected Diponegoro. But the Dutch have set up an ambush with care. Diponegoro was arrested that same day and disposed of, bus, and then to Semarang, and directly to Jakarta.
8 April 1830 in Jakarta and detained until the Stadhuis.
May 3, 1830 dispatched by boat to Manado Pollux and imprisoned in the fort Amsterdam.
1834 moved to the fort Rotterdam in Makassar, South Sulawesi.
January 8, 1855 Diponegoro died and was buried in the village of Makassar Malays

pesan oentoek pak beye

pak beye...... mana semangat raden wijaya yang berhasil mengusir tentara tartar dari jawa

mana semangat keberanian untung suropati yang mengadakan perlawanan terhadap belanda di kertosuro

mana semangat bernyali sultan agung yang mengirimkan t...entara menyerbu batavia.

atau semangat diponegoro yang mematahkan perlawanan belanda di bagelen

pak beye kita bangsa besar orang orang itu tercatat dalam tinta sejarah
yang tidak pernah berpaling menjaga martabat bangsa

batas negara hanya berupa tanah ,air dan udara tetapi itu batas kita punya harga diri sebagai bangsa

Speech, " ganyang Malaysia" Soekarno

For revenge, President Sukarno launched a movement known under the name Down with Malaysia. Down with Sukarno proclaimed the movement of Malaysia through a speech on July 27, 1963. The following contents:"
Kalau kita lapar itu biasa
Kalau kita malu itu juga biasa
Namun kalau kita lapar atau malu itu karena Malaysia, kurang ajar!
Kerahkan pasukan ke Kalimantan hajar cecunguk Malayan itu!
Pukul dan sikat jangan sampai tanah dan udara kita diinjak-injak oleh Malaysian keparat itu
Doakan aku, aku kan berangkat ke medan juang sebagai patriot Bangsa, sebagai martir Bangsa dan sebagai peluru Bangsa yang tak mau diinjak-injak harga dirinya.
Serukan serukan keseluruh pelosok negeri bahwa kita akan bersatu untuk melawan kehinaan ini kita akan membalas perlakuan ini dan kita tunjukkan bahwa kita masih memiliki Gigi yang kuat dan kita juga masih memiliki martabat.
Yoo...ayoo... kita... Ganjang...
Ganjang... Malaysia
Ganjang... Malaysia
Bulatkan tekad
Semangat kita badja
Peluru kita banjak
Njawa kita banjak
Bila perlu satoe-satoe!
Can burning patriotism nation heard speeches of Sukarno's Indonesia. Indonesia's sovereignty is considered the price of death for Proclaimers of the Republic of Indonesia.
End of confrontationToward the end of 1965, General Suharto took power in Indonesia after the coup taking place. Because of this domestic conflict, Indonesian desire to continue the war with Malaysia to be reduced and the war had subsided.
On May 28, 1966 at a conference in Bangkok, Kingdom of Malaysia and the Indonesian government announced a settlement of the conflict. The violence ended in June, and the peace agreement signed on August 11 and was inaugurated two days later.

History of "ganyang Malaysia"

In 1961, Borneo was divided into four administrative. Kalimantan, an Indonesian province, located in south Kalimantan. In the north were the kingdom of Brunei and two British colonies of Sarawak and British North Borneo, later renamed Sabah. As part of its withdrawal from its Southeast Asian colonies, the British tried to combine its colonies on Borneo with Malaya to form Malaysia.
This plan was opposed by the Government of Indonesia, President Sukarno argued that Malaysia was a British puppet, and the consolidation of Malaysia would increase British control over the region, thus threatening the independence of Indonesia. The Philippines also made a claim for Sabah, arguing that it had historic links with the Philippines through the Sulu Archipelago.
In Brunei, North Borneo National Army (TNKU) revolted on December 8, 1962. They tried to capture the Sultan of Brunei, the oil fields and European hostages. Sultan escaped and asked for British help. He received British and Gurkha troops from Singapore. On December 16, the British Far East Command (British Far Eastern Command) claimed that all the main rebel centers have been resolved, and on April 17, 1963, the rebel commander was captured and the rebellion ended.
The Philippines and Indonesia formally agreed to accept the formation of Malaysia if the majority in a noisy area chose in a referendum organized by the UN. However, on 16 September, before the results of the election are reported. Malaysia saw the formation of this federation as a domestic problem, with no place for outsiders to interfere, but Indonesia's leaders see this as an agreement is being violated, and as evidence of British imperialism.
Since the anti-Indonesian demonstrations in Kuala Lumpur, when demonstrators stormed the building embassy, tore up photos of Sukarno, the state emblem of Garuda Pancasila brought into the presence of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia at that time-and force him to step on Garuda, rage against the Malaysian Soekarno explode.
Sukarno's wrath because it condemned the actions Tunku who trample the symbol of the country of Indonesia [1] and wanted to take revenge by launching a movement known as "Down with Malaysia" to the state Federation of Malaysia which has been very insulting Indonesia and the Indonesian president.
War On January 20, 1963, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia announced that Indonesia took Soebandrio hostility to Malaysia. On April 12, Indonesian volunteers (likely an unofficial military forces) from entering Sarawak and Sabah to spread propaganda and conduct raids and sabotage. On July 27, Sukarno declared that he was going to "Down with Malaysia". On August 16, troops from Askar Melayu Regimens Kings faced with fifty Indonesian guerillas.
Although the Philippines did not participate in the war, they broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia. Federation of Malaysia was formally established on 16 September 1963. Brunei and Singapore refused to join out at a later date.
Growing tensions on both sides of Malacca Strait. Two days later, rioters burned the British embassy in Jakarta. Several hundred rioters seized the embassy of Singapore in Jakarta and Singapore also houses diplomats. In Malaysia, Indonesian agents were captured and crowds attacked the Indonesian embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Across the border in Borneo, there was an ongoing border war; Indonesian troops and irregulars tried to occupy Sarawak and Sabah, with no result.
In 1964 Indonesian troops began attacking areas in Peninsular Malaya. In the month of August, sixteen armed Indonesian agents were arrested in Johor. Indonesian Armed Activities on the border has also increased. Sea Kings Tentera Malaysia deploy troops to defend Malaysia. Tentera Malaysia, only few are taken down and had to rely on border posts of command and control units. Their main mission is to prevent the entry of Indonesian troops to Malaysia. Most of the parties to armed conflict with Indonesia is the United Kingdom and Australia, particularly the Special Air Service.
On August 17 paratroopers landed on the southwestern coast of Johor and tried to form a guerrilla army. On 2 September 1964 paratroopers landed in Labis, Johor. On October 29, 52 soldiers landed in Pontian in Johor, Malacca border and were arrested by troops Regimens Askar Melayu At King.
When the UN accepted Malaysia as a non-permanent members. Interesting Sukarno of Indonesia from the United Nations on January 20, 1965 and tried to form the New Power Conference (Conference of New Emerging Forces, Conefo) as an alternative.
Olympic rivals, Sukarno held even GANEFO (Games of the New Emerging Forces), held in Senayan, Jakarta on November 10 to 22, 1963. Sports carnival was attended by 2250 athletes from 48 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and South America, and covered about 500 foreign journalists.
In January 1965, Australia agreed to send troops to Borneo after receiving many requests from Malaysia. Australian troops lower 3rd Royal Australian Regiment and Australian Special Air Service Regiment. There are about fourteen thousand British and Commonwealth troops in Australia at that time. Officially, the British and Australian troops can not follow the attacker through the Indonesian border. However, units like the Special Air Service, both England and Australia, signed in secret (see Operation Claret). Australia recognizes this breakthrough in 1996.
In mid-1965, Indonesia began to use his official army. On June 28, they crossed the border into eastern Sebatik Island near Tawau, Sabah and dealing with the regimen Askar Melayu At King.

Why Bung Karno Soeharto did not want to beat

ACTION Suharto by switches command Letters March 11, 1966 is very hurt feelings Bung Karno. Some petinggi the army still loyal to Sukarno, if it was felt outraged. It requires that Sukarno was founded with the rhythm and pasukannya Suharto. But Sukarno refused.

Sukarno did not want riots occur, especially in the army. Civil War, according to Sukarno, the wait is expected foreign colonial nation-mengincar India since long. After the outbreak of civil war, foreign, especially American and British troops to Indonesia with the reasons for saving their country, the diplomatic kedutaanbesar foreign companies they belong.

Note: Photos of loans TIME

Sukarno testimony about the reluctance of the methods of violence in the area was a minister in Suharto Dwikora, Muhammad Achadi. I Achadi, transmigration minister and former chancellor of the University of Bung Karno was two weekends ago in Jalan Taman Amir Hamzah, Jakarta Pusat. Achadi quickly told me and some friends. Wild Water and cooked bananas to guide our discussion this evening.

Komando Corps Commander (KKÖ) Hartono Letjen petinggi including one that stipulates that the army is ready, waiting for the command of Soekarno. KKÖ has long known how the lines of a large Soekarno. Hartono meaning, "said Bung Karno black, black KKÖ word popular in the time still owned today.

One day in mid-March 1966, Hartono, that when he Minister / Deputy The Navy came to the Merdeka Palace, at Bung Karno. If Achadi of reports on the arrest of a number of ministers of Sukarno, the forces loyal to Suharto.

Heard that after Achadi, Bung Karno said (approximately), "Yesterday afternoon Harto to come here. He asked permission to do so in the context of the Minister that the information Akan didemo by the students."

"But that is not under protection," said Achadi. To prove the report, the Minister Achadi ordered ajudannya Achmadi lighting. How Achadi, Achmadi also are in the epilogue of more than duty, stop bath pascapembunuhan six young officer and General Forces dinihari 1 October, 1965. Suharto also in the team.

But after some time attempted to Achmadi could not be contacted. When is not clear.

Hartono present to ask permission to Suharto and pasukannya. Bung Karno but shake his head, to prohibit.

Although still Achadi words, in addition to KKÖ, Pang Kodam Lima Amir Machmud Jaya, Pang Lima Kodam Siliwangi Adji Ibrahim and some other commanders kodam prepared Suharto.

"Bung Karno still shaking their heads. He certainly does not want bloodshed and civil war."

If so, what should we do, and ask Achadi Hartono.

Bung Karno ordered Hartono obscure that Suharto should not try to continue to develop. "Only those tasks which can be interpreted Hartono. The clearly not in the war," said Achadi.

The Achadi not have returned to their homeland in the region currently occupied Pancoran Suharto ordered troops Bung Karno night in the hostel Palace. Bung Karno also said that the government will be a meeting the next day. In the meeting also by Suharto Akan Achadi that are required to report on the arrest of a number of ministers.

"You dare to speak against Suharto," the Bung Karno Achadi.

"Ready," replied Achadi.

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"THEORY" AS PRESIDENT Sukarno manipulator G30S

Bung Karn (BK), since the struggle for the independence of young people of Indonesia 's, at the height of his power as President of the Republic of Indonesia, suddenly raised, and how people who have power snatch a.k.a. coup, even if the rebels. How absurdnya! Prof. Dr. Brigjen Nugroho Notosusanto wrote: "On 1 October 1965 several groups of rebels gathered at Pangkalan Udara Halim. Cenk Penas groups occupy the building, the chairman and supporters of a total cohort case Susanto Air Commodore, and the third group (a lower amount), which consists of the chairman of the PKI and its Aidit pembantunya, two houses occupied Sergeant Air Suwardi "

As we know that the existence of BK Halim on 1 October 1965 on the basis of standards for the process of rescuing the President, because Halim always, that the aircraft can be in any situation, at the time of need. President Sukarno was accused of rebellion and coup d'etat do. Coup d'etat was carried out against President Sukarno government order under the leadership of President Sukarno itself. How balaunya road disorderly Professor Pak philosopher of this story, it makes no sense and do not know shame. Strange, if not the Professor Pak is also trying to BK photo image into a second historic announcement on 17 August 1945 Pegangsaan Timur, Jakarta, there seems to BK. Doctor treated the history and the history of science history as personal property, if the power hungry are far as to forget that there are other specialists, in addition to the history and the history of his students in the laity, and smart enough to read history.

What is supported by the new order of Diop historical analysis of G30S by General Nasution (with the "wise" General Suharto menuduhnya not explicit) in his book "Speed Meets tasks Jilid 6: The resurrection of New Order, 1988. Nasution, two ways, first in Senayan BK speech the night of 30 September 1965, the world pewayangan also Kresna BK counseling Arjuna ksataria figures that the task was not the victims [it menghubungknnya with G30S is in preparation]. Then remembered that BK evening celebration with joyful songs and dances nyanyi [is meant to commemorate the victory G30S]. Then it is also the testimony of Colonel Bambang KKÖ Wijanarko, a guard of President Sukarno by questioning Kopkamtib on receipt of a letter from BK in the night from Senayan Letkol Untung [G30S, the lowest number of troops are preparing to abduct the general].

The analysis has become a sort of fairy tale detective dirangkai that cheap. The entire population of Indonesia, the world as a speaker BK, which is always burning a couple of words quoted from the wisdom of many world leaders, including pewayangan history of a great disukainya. He loves singing and dancing in many joyous celebration. So the story is that General Nasution was about BK not at all new things. A story that leads readers can dibodohi and naive perception that BK G30S, even dalangnya.

What's in the General Nasution and then packaged in a "scientific" and "theory" by Antonie Dake in his book "In the spirit of the Red Banteng: Indonesian Communists in Moscow and yell, 2002. Then, in the book updated Sukarno file -- File Sukarno1965-1967, a history of decline, 2005th G30S that the initiative to take action against a number of observations of the President Sukarno, Aidit cs next time the sponge. ortografia Can "theory" Dake it is only through questioning of Bambang Wijanarko. excluding the testimony of how a strip can dikorek and military authorities, which treat as a mosquito dijentiknya may at any time and without protection. They are experts in dealing with this interrogation scheme model right to know what kind of testimony that Wijanarko cited Dake and pillars of the theory. Dake adds to reality in 1972 when he arrived in Indonesia, has found the government of Sukarno Suharto is not in G30S. With the possibility of such a witness, to the detriment Wijanarko direkayasa Sukarno terbantah although still possible. Dake presumably less able to the spirit of the scheme Orba. Every student knows the policy, if necessary, when adjuvant Suharto Sukarno speaking, that would be with the "fun" Millions of people still love the expression of BK with Java the song-Suharto, Mikula Dhuwur mendhem jero.

Bambang Wijanarko difficult testimony will be discussed by Colonel pomata Maulwi saelan, Wadan Cakrabirawa which on this night, 30 September 1965 in Senayan, never closely BK return to the palace, there is no movement Gerik BK separately from the observation that saelan. He believes that, as a strange and direkayasa. Direkayasa description of this award, Bambang Wijanarko saelan and not before the examiner for the description of the disc Wijanarko Bambang arrest of more than 4 years. "Theory" the next to be provided by Victor M FIC with romantic elements, in Book 1 coup in October 1965, a study of the plot, in a discussion between Aidit with Mao Dzedong, which is also similar to that of a detective story that not shocked Jakarta in 2005 as before.

The Keblinger

After the analysis of President Sukarno of G30S, formerly known as Gestok as indicated in a speech Nawaksara Completion ", from" sitting "three reasons, namely: a) keblingernya PKI leader, b) caginess subversion Nekolim, c) is the person - Person, "is not true." According to what the human BK is very harmful, because PKI and legitimize the accusations of support for General Suharto as the mind of the G30S PKI, so that an important andilnya devastation in PKI, including the mass killing.

Bemarkah so? Conclusion this far from the facts that have occurred. BK is a speech given on 10 January 1967 to Merdeka Palace and in a letter to supplement speech Nawaksara leader MPRS the same day. The PKI is dihancurlumatkan of General Suharto, in 1965-1966, millions of people, there are hundreds of thousands of people in prisons and camps across the country. They are still in progress outside of the breadth of research or for the survivors of the step in Büron while searching for food and shelter, first hand, without any exception of individuals. Every time you are outside or in the care of their risk of becoming cecunguk Orba Terrace including a number of leaders. PKI and destruction, mass murder is already in the planning and be ready much sooner if Cerm secret CIA documents and events in different places, at the beginning of October 1965, as in North Sumatra, Banten, and a number of places of Central Java and East Java.

As we know, the development of military G30S lasted less than 24 hours after RPKAD by troops under the command of Colonel Sarwar Edhi. On 1 October 1965 President Sukarno ordered all parties in motion, the leader of the military temporarily dipegangnya. This is not dihiraukan of General Suharto, because he is part of BC as a "personality is not true that most new keblinger. Ha military measures in response to the massacre.

Most of the BK support, particularly in the armed forces until the end of 1965 and the beginning of 1966 we expect the voice of the people to act quickly to commands, according to the protester, General Suharto CS, before the demonstrators and anger in this country. Sukarno not sebodoh Stories General Nasution do, whisper and avonturisme child quality, it is not. Sukarno was a statesman who constantly need of unity and struggle of people in Indonesia. Great statesman in the time the last ball game of power and personality to the unit of dipoteng-poteng General Suharto military regime.

General Suharto with a "gap" BK for the next steps to tame and BK meringkusnya. BK still in need of unity and fight against violence, and his power until the last second, allowing the possibility of General Suharto of bloody violence on a large scale and systematic killing of a group of people loyal support BK, practical means faint, their own neck of digorok. Until the last second BK to reject the proposal, particularly the followers of 'army to the resistance to General Suharto steps bloody violence.

Tactics adopted by General Suharto in Hecatomb PKI and movement to the left, as a potent political force after the next goal: the president Sukarno, has praised the input of the United States in secret CIA documents to President Johnson after a meeting with the Greens Dubes, 23 February 1966 as well.

After the overthrow of President Sukarno

According to the history of Indonesia BK dijatuhkannya lines, and diperjuangakan her, as young people, terjungkirbalik Indonesia is a country of oppression, depending on the country to almost everything. The culture of corruption mencengkeram in fact all aspects of the life of the nation, with the teachings of the rat Trisakti, free of politics, their strength for the economy and culture in berkepribadian. Pancasila is dikumandangkan of penggalinya as a potential unifying the whole nation was pecahbelah military regime Orba, manipulation tool in various fields. Be Pancasila azas singular commentary with the sole military regime of General Suharto interests of the regime, so it is as a tool pecahbelah Pancasila and discrimination against the nation itself, together with the inherent culture of violence so far.

History expert Prof. Dr. Nugroho Notosusanto Brigjen also excavators Pancasila not declare BK, Pancasila was born on June 1, 1945 with the famous speech that the BK and the title "The Birth of Pancasila." All those who study history and read messages from BK young, since 1926, will know that Pancasila and made a speech in the 1st June 1945 is an appropriate development of the concept of BK on the foundations of the country Merdeka Indonesia. Pancasila is not a new idea that came suddenly, but something that was long a series of letters and speech BK ideas for dozens of years in a variety of writing and pronunciation, and in detail in June pidato1 above. Speaking next Pancasila is made to go together in the Constitution, 1945. (Harsutejo, passages from the manuscript was not published).

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Message from the Director of the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore

In principle, the history, governance-country expertise, and diplomacy in Aceh has been known through the records archive or other collection. The documents are not so affected by the dynamics of the turbulence of war, the amanan-, and climate.

Us as far as one, several documents are stored in the fort the king (in) the ruler of Aceh Aceh since the latter is able to take advantage of the English merchant and the messengers of the Agreement signed in 1819 by Stamford Raffles represent UK with Johor Sultan al-Alam. In January 1874, when for the first time in the drawn-over-soldier foreign soldiers, Sutan Mahmud most successful save that document, although until now no one knows what is actually happening with these priceless heirloom. Fortunately, among the left, of the Netherlands to find at least one important item that can memuluskan invasinya: secarik a beautiful letter to Ibrahim Sultan of Aceh, by the Emperor of France, Louise Philippe, and his foreign minister, Guizot, in January 1843. Letters are then stored in the Jakarta Museum.

Very fortunate that there are many letters of Aceh terlestari well in Europe, given the climate there are more to keawetannya. Moreover, customs documents to save the country have since the 16 century. For the first time the collection securities and written evidence prakolonial era Aceh exhibited together.


Top terkumpulnya material from the collections of different national, rightly, if we are especially grateful to a number of delagasi International Conference for the Study of Aceh and Indian Ocean Regions (ICAIOS) this. Of which:

- Professor Jorge Santos Alves from the Institute of Research Study-orient, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa (Lisbon) for the source materials Portuguese;
- Dr. Annabel The Gallop, curator of script-script from the British Library Literature, for the material from English sources;
- Dr. Ismail Hakki Goksoy from Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, for a number of archives and collections Usmaniah Kingdom;
- Professor Pierre Yves Manguin from The Ecole Francaise dExtereme-Orient, Paris, for the collections of France.

Aceh, along the 16-century to early 19th century, has a broad diplomatic relations, something that rarely owned by the Kingdom of the Isles. The advantages of the Netherlands this is not the only place to find the most rich korespondensinya. While other kingdoms signed the required agreement with the VOC diplomatis curb their freedom to negotiate with other parties, Aceh would maintain this right until the Dutch conquest early in the year 1873-4. Utuhnya sovereignty is indeed worrying policymakers in the Hague. The Hague-was always was on the occurrence of the forces that may be membuyarkan agreement with the Netherlands to Aceh can only terdepak. This is the fear that was one of the reasons why the Dutch make big mistake by doing that inbreak reap disaster, and when the rush, feel obliged to issue a formal declaration of war who communicated with regard to the strength-strength of the World at that time.

At this time the exhibition is also presented collections that have never been published or on view. In addition to letters from several important nations languages Malay (Malay-speaking World), letters from the authorities terawal Southeast Asia that is still awake in the various corners of the world also displayed no lag. The Sultan Pasai Pidie and only have each other to each letter of the Portuguese nation since the beginning of 1512 and 1520, far before the Aceh coast of northern Sumatra dominate. Resurrection of Aceh, one of them, triggered by a sense ketidaksukaan many Muslim merchant and trader of other mixed-Portuguese in the affairs of their kingdom. One of the Arabic text is the most likely original. Unfortunately, the document only available in Portuguese translation. Despite demikan, it gives us a glimpse of views about the style of writing a letter diplomatis nation Aceh.

Slightly more ancient, and even up to now is much less known, is the exchange of diplomatic exchange between-Alaud Sultan Shah Riayat-din al-Kahhar (memerintah1539-71) and the Sultan of Turkey Usmani along 1566-8. This extraordinary alliance, first, is the result of the pepper trade that directly connect to Aceh to rival the Red Sea nation ships pepper Portuguese around Africa. The Alliance is also in order to lay the strength of associates to the Muslim resistance to the military / religious against the Portuguese. In the 1560's, diplomatic contacts with this dibalas Turkey to send some amount of ordnance to Aceh. Cannon-cannon is now stored as a sign-of-war in the Museum Bronbeek Netherlands, as well as expert and sniper weapons. While Aceh threatened again in the 19th century, by the Netherlands, this dikenang relationship between the parties and updated through the application of further assistance in the military 1868-73.

Most valuable letters in this collection is actually the King of Aceh's most powerful: Sultan Iskandar Muda (ruled 1607-36). Dr Seturut explanation. Gallop, a letter intended for the English King James I in 1615-this Malay Language, to be ornament, the oldest, beautiful. And, considering the high reach nearly one meter, making it the largest and most of the spectacular. Writing a letter, instead of as a strong statement on how important sultanate of Aceh as a major force in the world, even the desire to show that in parallel with the Indian Ocean monarkh others who received letters of Mughal India, Siam, Turkey is not ubahnya such as the European nations.

Up to now, the item-tem of the century to be regarded 18-bit, partly due to a lack of research at that time. Fortunately, the Danish National Archives (Rigsarkivet) in Copenhagen still save documents in Malay and Arabic from Aceh that there is no estimated cost, including 21 letters from the sultan of the kingdom of Aceh to the East Indies Company in Tranquebar Danish property, since the late 17th century and 18.

In the 19th century, along with more competition to control the sharpness strategic area of Aceh, diplomatic correspondence also become more bold. In addition to a number of other letters exchanged with each other English and Portuguese in the era 1820-an, mail correspondence with Turkey in recent years the sovereignty of Aceh also participated in the exhibition is displayed.

We grateful to the scholars who have brought all the material for display at the Museum Aceh. Do not forget, thanks also to all your support over the BRR, to makes things possible.

Prof. Anthony Reid,
Director of Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore